Writing a new service

This documentation covers the creation of a new external service for use in a web service of a fictional local plugin, local_groupmanager.

Functional specification

The local_groupmanager plugin has a need to create groups within a course and would like to do so using its own web service.

info

When defining a new service definition, Moodle requires that the name of the definition be in the form:

[frankenstyle_component]_[methodname]

The naming convention further dictates that the methodname component be in the form:

[methodname]  - The name of the method in the form of [verb]_[noun]
[verb]        - Usually one of get, create, delete, update
                A similar verb that well describes the action may also be used
[noun]        - The object being modified
                Usually in Plural form

Per the Moodle naming convention for web services the name of the function should be:

local_groupmanager_create_groups

Inputs

The local_groupmanager_create_groups external service definition will take a list of groups as its only parameters.

Outputs

The service will return a list of the created groups, including the id element of those groups.

Exceptions and failures

If any group creation fails, the function will throw an exception, and no groups will be created.

Technical specification

• the core function the external function will call: groups_create_group() from /group/lib.php.
• the parameter types: a list of object. This object are groups, with id/name/courseid.
• the returned value types: a list of objects (groups) with their id.
• the user capabilities to check: moodle/course:managegroups

Declare the web service function

An external function must be declared before it can be used in your plugin. Function declarations should be placed in the db/services.php file of your plugin. For example in our fictitious plugin this would be located in local/groupmanager/db/services.php.

$functions = [
    // The name of your web service function, as discussed above.
    'local_groupmanager_create_groups' => [
        // The name of the namespaced class that the function is located in.
        'classname'   => 'local_groupmanager\create_groups',

        // A brief, human-readable, description of the web service function.
        'description' => 'Creates new groups.',

        // Options include read, and write.
        'type'        => 'write',

        // Whether the service is available for use in AJAX calls from the web.
        'ajax'        => true,

        // An optional list of services where the function will be included.
        'services' => [
            // A standard Moodle install includes one default service:
            // - MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE.
            // Specifying this service means that your function will be available for
            // use in the Moodle Mobile App.
            MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE,
        ]
    ),
);

Advanced options

A number of advanced options are also available, as described below:

$functions = [
    // The name of your web service function, as discussed above.
    'local_groupmanager_create_groups' => [
        // A comma-separated list of capabilities used by the function.
        // This is advisory only and used to indicate to the administrator configuring a custom service definition.
        'capabilities' => 'moodle/course:creategroups,moodle/course:managegroups',

        // The following parameters are also available, but are no longer recommended.

        // The name of the external function name.
        // If not specified, this will default to 'execute'.
        // 'methodname'  => 'execute',

        // The file containing the class/external function.
        // Do not use if using namespaced auto-loading classes.
        // 'classpath'   => 'local/groupmanager/externallib.php',
    ),
);

Write the external function descriptions

Every web service function is mapped to an external function. External function are described in the External functions API. Each external function is written with two other functions describing the parameters and the return values. These description functions are used by web service servers to:

• validate the web service function parameters
• validate the web service function returned values
• build WSDL files or other protocol documents

These two description functions are located in the class declared in local/groupmanager/db/services.php.

Thus for the web service function local_groupmanager_create_groups(), we should write a class named create_groups in the local_groupmanager\external namespace.

This will be located in the file local/groupmanager/classes/external/create_groups.php. The class will contain:

• execute_groups(...)
• execute_groups_parameters()
• execute_groups_return()

Defining parameters

<?php
namespace local_groupmanager\external;

require_once("{$CFG->libdir}/externallib.php");

class create_groups extends \external_api {

    /**
     * Returns description of method parameters
     * @return external_function_parameters
     */
    public static function execute_parameters() {
        return new external_function_parameters([
            'groups' => new external_multiple_structure(
                new external_single_structure([
                    'courseid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'id of course'),
                    'name' => new external_value(
                        PARAM_TEXT,
                        'multilang compatible name, course unique'
                    ),
                    'description' => new external_value(
                        PARAM_RAW,
                        'group description text'
                    ),
                    'enrolmentkey' => new external_value(
                        PARAM_RAW,
                        'group enrol secret phrase'
                    ),
                ])
            )
        ]);
    }
}

A web service function without parameters will have a parameter description function like that:

/**
 * Returns description of method parameters
 * @return external_function_parameters
 */
public static function execute_parameters(): external_function_parameters {
    return new external_function_parameters([
        // If this function had any parameters, they would be described here.
        // This example has no parameters, so the array is empty.
    ]);
}

A parameter can be described as:

• a list => external_multiple_structure
• an object => external_single_structure
• a primary type => external_value

Our create_groups() function expects one parameter named groups, so we will first write:

/**
 * Returns description of method parameters
 * @return external_function_parameters
 */
public static function execute_parameters(): external_function_parameters {
    return new external_function_parameters([
        'groups' => ...
    ]);
}

This groups parameter is a list of group. So we will write :

'groups' => new external_multiple_structure(
    ...
)

An external_multiple_structure object (list) can be constructed with:

• external_multiple_structure (list)
• external_single_structure (object)
• external_value (primary type).

For our function it will be a external_single_structure:

new external_single_structure([
    'courseid' => ...,
    'name' => ...,
    'description' => ...,
    'enrolmentkey' => ...,
])

Thus we obtain :

'groups' => new external_multiple_structure(
    new external_single_structure([
        'courseid' => ...,
        'name' => ...,
        'description' => ...,
        'enrolmentkey' => ...,
    ])
)

Each group values is a external_value (primary type):

• courseid is an integer
• name is a string (text only, not tag)
• description is a string (can be anything)
• enrolmentkey is also a string (can be anything)

We add them to the description :

'groups' => new external_multiple_structure(
    new external_single_structure([
        // The second argument is a human readable description text.
        // This text is displayed in the automatically generated documentation.
        'courseid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'id of course'),
        'name' => new external_value(PARAM_TEXT, 'multilang compatible name, course unique'),
        'description' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'group description text'),
        'enrolmentkey' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'group enrol secret phrase'),
    ])
)

execute_returns()

It's similar to execute_parameters(), but instead of describing the parameters, it describes the return values.

public static function execute_returns() {
    return new external_multiple_structure(
        new external_single_structure([
            'id' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'group record id'),
            'courseid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'id of course'),
            'name' => new external_value(PARAM_TEXT, 'multilang compatible name, course unique'),
            'description' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'group description text'),
            'enrolmentkey' => new external_value(PARAM_RAW, 'group enrol secret phrase'),
        ])
    );
}

Required, Optional or Default value

A value can be VALUE_REQUIRED, VALUE_OPTIONAL, or VALUE_DEFAULT. If not mentioned, a value is VALUE_REQUIRED by default.

'yearofstudy' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'year of study', VALUE_DEFAULT, 1979),

• VALUE_REQUIRED - if the value is not supplied => the server throws an error message
• VALUE_OPTIONAL - if the value is not supplied => the value is ignored. Note that VALUE_OPTIONAL can't be used in top level parameters, it must be used only within array/objects key definition. If you need top level Optional parameters you should use VALUE_DEFAULT instead.
• VALUE_DEFAULT - if the value is not supplied => the default value is used

caution

Because some web service protocols are strict about the number and types of arguments - it is not possible to specify an optional parameter as one of the top-most parameters for a function.

An example of incorrect behaviour

public static function get_biscuit_parameters() {
    return new external_function_parameters([
        'chocolatechips' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, PARAM_REQUIRED),
        'glutenfree' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, PARAM_DEFAULT, false),
        // ERROR! top level optional parameter!!!
        'icingsugar' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, VALUE_OPTIONAL),
    ]);
}

An example of correct behaviour

public static function get_biscuit_parameters() {
    return new external_function_parameters([
            'ifeellike' => new external_single_structure([
                    'chocolatechips' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, VALUE_REQUIRED),
                    'glutenfree' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, PARAM_DEFAULT, false),
                    // ALL GOOD!! We have nested the params in a external_single_structure.
                    'icingsugar' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, VALUE_OPTIONAL),
        ])
    ]);
}

Implement the external function

We declared our web service function and we defined the external function parameters and return values. We will now implement the external function:

    /**
     * Create groups
     * @param array $groups array of group description arrays (with keys groupname and courseid)
     * @return array of newly created groups
     */
    public static function eceute_groups($groups) { //Don't forget to set it as static
        global $CFG, $DB;
        require_once("$CFG->dirroot/group/lib.php");

        $params = self::validate_parameters(self::execute_parameters(), array('groups'=>$groups));

        $transaction = $DB->start_delegated_transaction(); //If an exception is thrown in the below code, all DB queries in this code will be rollback.

        $groups = array();

        foreach ($params['groups'] as $group) {
            $group = (object)$group;

            if (trim($group->name) == '') {
                throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Invalid group name');
            }
            if ($DB->get_record('groups', array('courseid'=>$group->courseid, 'name'=>$group->name))) {
                throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Group with the same name already exists in the course');
            }

            // now security checks
            $context = get_context_instance(CONTEXT_COURSE, $group->courseid);
            self::validate_context($context);
            require_capability('moodle/course:managegroups', $context);

            // finally create the group
            $group->id = groups_create_group($group, false);
            $groups[] = (array)$group;
        }

        $transaction->allow_commit();

        return $groups;
    }

Parameter validation

 $params = self::validate_parameters(self::execute_parameters(), [
    'groups' => $groups,
]);

This validate_parameters function validates the external function parameters against the description. It will return an exception if some required parameters are missing, if parameters are not well-formed, and check the parameters validity. It is essential that you do this call to avoid potential hack.

Important: the parameters of the external function and their declaration in the description must be the same order. In this example we have only one parameter named $groups, so we don't need to worry about the order.

Context and Capability checks

// Perform security checks.
$context = context_course::instance($group->courseid);
self::validate_context($context);
require_capability('moodle/course:managegroups', $context);

Note: validate_context() is required in all external functions before operating on any data belonging to a context. This function does sanity and security checks on the context that was passed to the external function - and sets up the global $PAGE and $OUTPUT for rendering return values. Do NOT use require_login(), or $PAGE->set_context() in an external function.

Exceptions

You can throw exceptions. These are automatically handled by Moodle web service servers.

// Note: It is good practice to add detailled information in $debuginfo,
//       and only send back a generic exception message when Moodle DEBUG mode < NORMAL.
//       It's what we do here throwing the invalid_parameter_exception($debug) exception
throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Group with the same name already exists in the course');

Correct return values

The return values will be validated by the Moodle web service servers:

• return values contain some values not described => these values will be skipped.
• return values miss some required values (VALUE_REQUIRED) => the server will return an error.
• return values types don't match the description (int != PARAM_ALPHA) => the server will return an error Note: cast all your returned objects into arrays.

Bump the plugin version

Edit your local/groupmanager/version.php and increase the plugin version. This should trigger a Moodle upgrade and the new web service should be available in the administration (Administration > Plugins > Web Services > Manage services)

Deprecation

External functions deprecation process is slightly different from the standard deprecation. If you are interested in deprecating any of your external functions you should also (apart from the applicable points detailed in the standard deprecation docs) create a FUNCTIONNAME_is_deprecated() method in your external function class. Return true if the external function is deprecated. This is an example:

     * Mark the function as deprecated.
     * @return bool
     */
    public static function execute_is_deprecated() {
        return true;
    }

See also

• Web services developer documentation
• Web services user documentation
• Implement a web service client
• Code example: Adding a web service, using APIs by (Tim Hunt) Specification:
• External services security
• External services description
• Session locks#Read only sessions in web services